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Have a look at the MEP proof pdf
http://www.cimt.plymouth.ac.uk/projects/mepres/allgcse/unitpbk.pdf
Some good stuff in there.
For me the distinction between proof and simply particular cases marks the beginning of the abstract thinking.
Use of counterexample is also an aspect of proof, or disproof.
I also found that this MEP document is a good source of examples in both how to set things out and how to use mathematical symbols.
Some old SAT papers have the odd question on proofs. [punningly some are about odd and even numbers.]
I'm sure I've missed loads, but my approach has always been to insist that students never use a result that hasn't been justified to them at some point...
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